Exploring the music listening behaviour of people with hearing impairments
Looking forward to hearing a diverse range of talks at the Launch of the AHRC-funded Aural Diversity Network next week (Sept 1-2).
You can access the full programme here:
There is still time to sign up (free registration) if you are interested in attending. Click here
Visit www.auraldiversity.org for more information.
University of Leeds, September 1st & 2nd, 2021.
Led by: Dr Alinka Greasley.
This workshop will examine the ways in which hearing care and hearing technologies currently address hearing differences, and how they might be improved in the future in an interdisciplinary context that includes the arts and humanities alongside technical and scientific fields. It will address questions such as: In what ways do hearing healthcare practitioners (e.g. audiologists, hearing therapists, medical practitioners e.g. ENT specialists) address aural diversity in their practice? How can we improve hearing care through increased understanding of different hearing and listening types? How have hearing and assistive technologies been designed over time to account for hearing difference? What new developments would improve hearing technologies for aural diversity? How could changes in hearing care and hearing technologies affect developments in the arts and humanities?
Deadline for submission of contribution proposals: EXTENDED from July 16th to JULY 30TH 2021
In what ways do hearing healthcare practitioners address aural diversity in their practice? How can we improve hearing care through understanding of different hearing and listening types? How have hearing technologies been designed to account for hearing difference? What new developments would improve hearing technologies for aural diversity?
The Aural Diversity Network ‘Hearing Care and Hearing Technologies’ two-day workshop will examine the ways in which hearing care and hearing technologies currently address hearing differences, and how they might be improved in the future in an interdisciplinary context that includes the arts and humanities alongside technical and scientific fields.
The goal of the network is to bring together researchers and practitioners to develop interdisciplinary approaches to understanding how people hear differently. Whilst we hope to receive contributions from hearing care practitioners and hearing technology experts given the focus of the workshop, we hope to receive submissions from those working across a broad range of disciplines such as music and performance arts, sound studies and soundscape, sound environment design, acoustics and noise studies, transport, and speech.
Submissions may consist of proposals for:
Please note: due to the online format, poster presentations will not be supported. Live captioning and British Sign Language interpretation will be available throughout.
Important dates:
Submission guidelines for single paper or demonstration:
Submission guidelines for symposia:
Your proposal must further include:
How to submit: Please submit your proposal via email to: info@auraldiversity.org
I recently took part in one of the University of Leeds Pint of Science episodes, delivering a talk about the development of hearing aid technology as part of a broader focus on the use of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare technologies.
If you are interested in viewing the show, which was streamed live on YouTube, you can watch back here From Ear Trumpets to Machine Learning: Putting the AI into Hearing (Ai)ds.
You can also download the slides here Ear Trumpets pdf.
We are delighted to announce that this month, the AHRC (Arts & Humanities Research Council) funded the Aural Diversity Network which will run for two years from July 2021, and the first network event will be led by the Hearing Aids for Music team at the University of Leeds in September 2021.
Background
Everybody hears differently! But our world is built on an assumption that everybody has the ears of a healthy 18-year old (BSISO226:2003; Sterne 2012). In fact, our hearing changes all the time. We experience varying amounts of hearing loss as we age (presbyacusis). Millions of people suffer from a range of more severe hearing losses related to conditions, disorders, traumas and shocks. And differences in hearing need not necessarily mean loss. Increased sound sensitivity (hyperacusis), aversion to sounds (misophonia), and tinnitus are experienced by many. Even having a cold can affect the way we listen.
The Aural Diversity network seeks to address this complex picture by researching differences in hearing and listening. It is not restricted solely to disability or deafness. Its objectives are to:
The initial network comprises the following groups:
Workshops
The network will stage five workshops:
The network builds on the Aural Diversity project led by Principal Investigator Andrew Hugill. It will benefit musicians and sonic artists by increasing understanding of hearing difference, leading to new audiences for accessible performance events. It will change compositional practice for a music that adapts to listeners’ needs. It will contribute to the study of hearing in literature, film etc. It will impact Soundscape Studies by challenging the widespread acceptance that current standardisations for perception of sound environments equates to standardisation of the ‘average’ listener. It will influence Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. It will help shape policy by improving the sound environment. It will benefit patient groups by understanding the experiences of people with auditory dysfunctions. It will inform healthcare practitioners to improve audiology and hearing devices.
The general public will be invited to attend workshops and included via the mailing list. If you would like to be added to the mailing list, please use the following contact form and leave your name and email address. Feedback to previous conferences showed the value of allowing the public to steer the research. Participants stressed the importance of “a variety of voices and experiences, from academic to everyday life”. The network will maintain a website and social media, and publish peer-reviewed articles
We will post more information about the first network event, including a call for papers, in due course.
We are delighted to announce that we have just published results of the first two Hearing Aids for Music project studies in the International Journal of Audiology. The article is open access so you can read and download freely from anywhere in the world!
Article link: here
The first study explored hearing aid users’ experiences of music listening using a short survey distributed in clinic waiting rooms. The survey asked patients whether they had experienced any problems with music listening, whether they felt this affected their quality of life, whether they had discussed music with their audiologist and if so, whether this had improved their experience of music.
The second study explored audiologists’ perspectives on listening to music with hearing aids using an online survey. The survey asked audiologists to reflect on their training and background, their experiences of discussing music listening issues, their experiences of optimising hearing aids for music listening, and their perceived confidence in their ability to do so.
Results showed that around two-thirds of hearing aid users experience some issue with music listening, and commonly reported problems included pitch perception difficulties, listening in live contexts, distortion, and difficulties hearing lyrics in songs. Some hearing aid users reported that they had stopped participating in musical activities, whether listening or performing, as a result of difficulties experienced. Relatively few hearing aid users had discussed music listening in clinic, and for those who had, they reported that their audiologist was very helpful in trying to arrive at solutions, but that there was mixed results in terms of improvements in music listening experiences.
To help improve music listening experiences, audiologists reported using a range of strategies, the most commonly cited being removing adaptive functionality (e.g. feedback cancellation, noise reduction), alterations to compression, changes to gain, and taking individual musical needs (e.g. contexts, instruments) into account, though it was not possible from the study design to tell whether these were having a beneficial effect. Most audiologists were not trained in fitting hearing aids for music, though around a third had received some training, mostly at a conference or continuing professional development event. Those with some training were more likely to report confidence in providing advice, confidence in programming hearing aids for music, and programming hearing aids for music for a greater number of patients.
Music listening plays a key role in people’s health and wellbeing as they go about their everyday lives, and that includes people with different levels of deafness. We argue in our paper that empirical research into audiologists’ fitting strategies, and their relationship to beneficial outcomes for hearing aid users, is needed in order to develop evidence-based, validated guidelines to support audiologists’ training.
Drs. Alinka Greasley, Harriet Crook, Robert Fulford
You can contact us on: musicandhearingaids@leeds.ac.uk
Photo: Hilary Rae walking the new Forth Bridge in 2017
MY EXPERIENCE OF MUSIC AND DEAFNESS
“When I was at school, I was in the junior and senior choirs and played the violin in the orchestra. After I left, I continued to play in an amateur orchestra, and sang in various choirs. I also taught myself the guitar, and played in the church music group.
“When I retired in 1997, I was beginning to lose my hearing. I could not hear my colleagues speaking to me across the office. It got progressively worse and I will never forget the night I went with friends to a performance of Handel’s Messiah armed with a score. To my dismay, I found I could not follow it! I was shocked!
“In 1998 I got one NHS analogue hearing aid for my right ear. In 2001 I went to a private audiologist. She said I had bilateral high frequency sensorineural hearing loss, greater in my left ear than the right. She gave me two digital aids, which were a big improvement.
“I soon found I could not tune my instruments, and sadly I gave them away. It is interesting that I lost the hearing in my left ear altogether by 2016. I read in Bella Bathurst’s book Sound, that this is quite common for violinists.
“It got to the point where music just sounded like one long chord, and soloists sang on one note all the time! For a short time I could hear Yo Yo Ma’s solo Cello Suites, but soon even that became distorted, so I parted with most of my CDs.
“In 2016 after 22 years of struggling with increasingly powerful hearing aids, I asked to be referred for a cochlear implant. At my first visit to the only hospital in Scotland where they do the operation, they confirmed that I had no hearing in my left ear, and very little in my right. I was upset that they would only operate on my right ear, which meant sacrificing all the hearing I had left. I reluctantly returned for a second visit. I was accepted, and in October 2017 I had an implant. I could make out speech immediately when I was switched on after four scary weeks of silence! I was part of the hearing world again! I scored 82% in the listening tests without background noise, and the next time I got 94%! When background noise was introduced, however, I only got 49%. Sadly, there is little improvement with music.
“If I hear something well known like Crimond at a funeral, I think I can hear it and sing quietly. Most of the time I just mouth the words, and new songs leave me completely lost. I can enjoy listening to a Church of Scotland service live on my computer on a Sunday morning, or later on YouTube. Using headphones, I find I can pitch well known hymns and sing them out loud to my heart’s content!
“I had a visit from an organist friend, and tried singing him an octave. He said I ended up a few semitones too high! With another friend I asked if I could sing a hymn he had just played to see if I was singing in tune. He said no, but encouraged me to sing a few more verses, and after four, he said I was almost there. That gave me hope!
“I had a couple more glimmers of hope in December. I had an e-Advent Calendar on my computer. On one snowy page, I heard the dance of The Sugar Plum Fairy! I was excited. I asked a friend to check it for me, and I was right! It was being played on a celeste. Another page showed a carol singer at a cottage door, and a girl started singing O come all ye faithful. However, when the rest of the singers and instrumentalists joined in, I lost it.
“I have a CD ROM from the USA which has a whole section on music. I can only make out the drums and the xylophone on the instruments section, and with a selection of well-known songs and nursery rhymes, I can make some out from the rhythm! I will keep practising! I try listening to the car radio, watching the News without the subtitles, and singing very quietly if I think I recognise something.
“I enjoy walking up the road for my paper, and I can hear the birds twittering, but they all sound pretty much the same except the magpies. I can also hear the church clock chime the hour, and it does sound like a bell.
“I do discover new sounds occasionally, and hope for a little more improvement. I heard some of the recent thunder! They say one reaches the optimum level of hearing after two years, so I still have a few months to go. When I go away, I make sure people are aware that I wouldn’t hear a smoke alarm during the night, but I have NO regrets about having the operation.”
Hilary Rae
Edinburgh
12.9.2019
Hilary’s story resonates with many we have heard during the Hearing Aids for Music project. Hearing loss can be especially challenging for those who have been immersed in musical activities their whole lives, but persevering with different solutions and engaging in listening practice can be hugely rewarding and lead to improved experiences.
If you would like to contact Hilary about her experiences, then she is happy to hear from you (hmrae@btinternet.com).
If you would like to share your own experiences of listening to and/or performing music, whether you are a hearing aid wearer or cochlear implant recipient, please do get in touch: musicandhearingaids@leeds.ac.uk
Findings of the Help Musicians UK Musicians’ Hearing survey published in Psychology of Music journal
In 2014, Help Musicians UK (HMUK) conducted a national survey as part of their Health and Well-being Strategy which explored factors affecting musicians’ health and well-being, obtaining data from 552 musicians. Results highlighted a variety of issues including anti-social working hours, work instability, illness and physical problems, and mental health issues. However, an unanticipated finding was that 47% of the sample reported experiencing hearing problems (HMUK, 2014).
In response, HMUK devised a new survey to explore professional musicians’ hearing and use of hearing protection in more detail. The study was led by Nigel Hamilton and Maddy Pickard, with help from a steering committee which included professional musicians, an audiologist, a music psychologist, and representatives from Musicians’ Union and the British Tinnitus Association. Nigel and Maddy were then joined by Alinka Greasley and Robert Fulford, based at the University of Leeds, to analyse and write-up the findings which have now been published in the journal Psychology of Music.
Abstract
Musicians’ hearing has received increased attention due to the rising prevalence of hearing loss among general and musical populations. This paper reports results of a national survey exploring professional musicians’ awareness of, and perceptions surrounding, their hearing health, and associated help-seeking behaviour including attitudes towards hearing protection.
693 professional musicians took part, the majority being orchestral or instrumental musicians. 40% of the sample had experienced hearing loss or other hearing issues and many attributed hearing problems to their musical careers. 50% of the musicians were worried about noise at work however less than a third had taken a hearing test. Reasons for having a test included subsidised tests and experiencing symptoms of hearing loss or tinnitus, whilst reasons for not having a test included a lack of awareness about options.
Data revealed an on-going tension between a concern to protect hearing and the perceived negative outcomes of wearing protection on musical performance, and highlighted the need for more in-depth research into the experiences of musicians in high-risk instrumental groups (e.g. amplified/band musicians, brass, percussion). Providing advice to musicians about the risks of Noise-induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) prior to experiencing symptoms of hearing loss or tinnitus will support improved protection behaviour.
Contact us!
If you would like a copy of the article, do get in touch on musicandhearingaids@leeds.ac.uk
Hearing Futures II – 16th October 2018 – Victoria & Albert Museum, London.
Drawing on the 3D Tune-In (http://3d-tune-in.eu/) and Hearing Aids for Music (http://musicandhearingaids.org/) projects, with partner organisation Reactify (http://reactifymusic.com/), the event will focus on the future of hearing devices for music listening.
More information can be found at the following link
https://www.vam.ac.uk/event/BleyEalE/hearing-futures-ii
This event will host a series of demonstrations and presentations focusing on the experience of music with hearing impairment and the future of hearing devices for music listening in terms of technology and practice. You will be able to try out applications such as Musiclarity (www.musiclarity.com) and the 3D Tune-In Toolkit (https://github.com/3DTune-In/3dti_AudioToolkit), interact with the V&A display Tonotopia: Listening Through Cochlear Implants (https://www.vam.ac.uk/event/y62mrN72/tonotopia-co-designing-sound-for-cochlear-users), and talk with developers, academics and industry professionals.
There will be demonstrations in the Sackler Centre Reception from 1 to 5:30pm, and the entrance is free (no registration needed)
There will also be a series of presentations and discussions between 2 and 4pm; entrance will be free, but you will need to register your attendance at the following page:
https://www.vam.ac.uk/event/oj3pepzJ/hearing-futures-ii-panel
If you have any questions about the event, please contact: musicandhearingaids@leeds.ac.uk
The Sound of Music
How Does Music Sound To Me?
Ben Bennetts
Background
I have listened to and enjoyed music all my life. The interest was sparked by the early rock and roll greats of the late ‘50s, early ‘60s. Performers such as Buddy Holly, Gene Vincent, Elvis Presley (his early music), the Everly Brothers, Bill Haley, Fats Domino and so on got me started. I was then introduced to classical music at my boarding school in the late ‘50s when I joined an after-class music appreciation society. From these two vantage points, rock and roll and classical music, I expanded my musical interests and as I travelled around the world during my professional years, I collected all sorts of music. I estimate that I have around 1,400 CDs in my collection; half classical, the rest a mix of jazz, world, ambient, percussion, trance, hip-hop, popular and other forms of progressive and modern music.
And then tragedy struck. As I entered my sixtieth decade, my hearing started to go down. I accepted it as a sign of advancing years and started wearing BTE aids. They helped, but to my great disappointment, I discovered I could no longer enjoy music, with or without the aids. All music, live or recorded, became distorted. I could no longer whistle a simple tune, such as Happy Birthday. I could no longer enjoy any of my CDs. I began investigating the cause. I had an MRI scan. Maybe something was wrong inside my head—dead frequency zones in the cochlea, a damaged auditory nerve, a brain tumour? Nothing serious was revealed. As part of my investigation, I read about research going on at Cambridge University, contacted the group, and ultimately made three visits. Here’s what happened.
The Experiment
In 2012, I visited a PhD student, Marina Salorio-Corbetto, in the Auditory Perception Group in the Department of Experimental Psychology at Cambridge University. At the lab, I was introduced to Professor Brian Moore. Brian is the leader of the Auditory Perception Group and during our brief discussion he asked me to describe how music sounds to me—”What do you hear?” he asked. This was a tough question and my reply at the time was flippant—”A cacophony”—and devoid of any meaningful content. Subsequently, I pondered on how to answer this question more accurately and on my return, I conducted an experiment. I selected around twenty of my CDs and played samples from them on my Bose Lifestyle 20 music system. I kept my hearing aids in place (Phonak Nathos MW behind-the-ear aids) rather than listen to the music either with my hearing aids removed (I would not be able to hear much unless the volume was at full blast), or through headphones (which would again mean removing my hearing aids). Here’s a summary of the results.
Results: Classical
I tried old favourites such as a couple of Beethoven Symphonies: the 5th (the Allegro, first movement) and 9th (the Presto ‘Ode to Joy’, last movement). I followed this with lighter music—Vivaldi’s mandolin concertos, classical guitar music composed by Fernado Sor and Robert de Visée, Telemann’s trumpet concertos, Dvořák’s From the New World, some Spanish Renaissance music (lute, vihuelas, guitar and female voice), and something more savage: Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring, an all-time favourite of mine. In all cases, I would not have recognised the music in a ‘blind’ hearing. I tried hard to recreate the music in my head from memory but it was extremely difficult to match memory with what was being received and processed by whatever part of the brain does this. Notes did not go up and down as they should and in many cases the base lines dominated anything that was happening at higher frequencies. Then I turned to other styles of music.
Results: Non-Classical
Drums and drum music have long been a passion of mine and I dredged up several CDs containing predominantly drum music, starting with a Dutch percussion group called Slagerij van Kampen performing on an album called Tan. Here, I had more success. I could make out the beat and also the transition and juxtapositioning of the drums.
Moving on from this, I tried other drum music—a Japanese group called Ondekoza, a Mission into Drums, a compilation of different trance-ambient artists who focus their music around a repetitive drum beat, an early 1986 electronic style recording called Transfer Station Blue by Michael Shrieve who used an electronic drum to create a sharp rhythmic beat, rich in pulse-punctuated full-frontal higher frequencies.
From here I moved on to more lush electronic music—albums such as Suave by B-Tribe (flamenco music mixed with trip-hop and ambient), Suzuki by Tosca (Dorfmeister and Huber, two early exponents of what we nowadays call ambient music); Big Calm by Morcheeba; Moodfood by Moodswings (featuring the pure voice of Chrissie Hynde), Sanchez and Mouquet’s Deep Forest, Gevecht met de Engle (Battle with the Angel) by another Dutch group, Flairck, and, finally, one of my jazz CDs, an album called Blue Camel by the Lebanese oud player Rabih Abou-Khalil.
All were lost on me. Even with my musical memory, I could no longer appreciate the music.
Conclusion
I tried to be objective in my answer to the question, “What do you hear?” By its very nature, the answer is difficult to express in unambiguous objective scientific terms. We hear what we hear and if it’s pleasurable, fine. If it’s not pleasurable, also fine. We just don’t like it. But, if it’s not pleasurable, whereas once it was, not fine. I would like to know why listening to music is no longer pleasurable and why I can no longer recall complex tunes in my head. Even if I can’t fix the problem, it would be good to know its root cause.
Marina, the PhD student working in Professor Brian Moore’s department, did send me a summary of her findings. Basically, she said that my hearing loss had affected my ability to use temporal fine structure information which, in turn could affect pitch perception in both speech and music. She also suggested that my hearing loss has modified my frequency selectivity and that my auditory filters were wider than normal. Apparently, both deficits are common when you have a cochlear hearing loss but, contrary to my own thoughts, she could not find any dead regions in my cochleas.
So there you have it. I am still working at understanding the physiological behaviour that underpins temporal fine structure and auditory filters but this is taking me deep into the realms of how the ear works and how aural data is processed by the brain and, quite frankly, is currently beyond me. I accept that my ability to hear and enjoy music correctly will never return; there is no cure for what ails me, more’s the pity.
Footnote
In my initial answer to Brian Moore, I also said that music, to me, these days sounds just as if it had been played by the defunct Portsmouth Sinfonia. This orchestra, founded in 1970, was comprised of people who were either non-musicians or, if they were musicians, were asked to play an instrument with which they were unfamiliar. They were also asked to do the best they could rather than deliberately play out of tune. Their first recording became a surprise hit and they continued playing until they disbanded in 1979. You can sample the sound of this orchestra on YouTube. Enter ‘Portsmouth Sinfonia’ into Google and see where it takes you.
If you do this, the renditions you will hear are extremely close to what I now hear when I play correctly-played classical and non-classical music. But, there’s an interesting paradox here. When I listen to the Portsmouth Sinfonia on YouTube, am I hearing what they actually played or am I hearing a distorted version of what they played? A distorted version of music that is already distorted? I will never know the answer to this question but I have to admit, I collapsed with laughter today when I listened to Also sprach Zarathustra, Richard Strauss’s stirring music used to herald the start of Stanley Kubrick’s movie 2001, A Space Odyssey. The Portsmouth Sinfonia’s version of this piece of music encapsulates the meaning of what I meant when I described my listening experience to be a cacophony.
Note: this article is a summary of a much longer article with the same title that delves more into what I heard when I conducted my experiment. You can download the full article here.
If you would like to contact Ben about his experiences, email ben@ben-bennetts.com
If you would like to share your own experiences of listening to music with a hearing loss, do get in touch with us on: musicandhearingaids@leeds.ac.uk
Dear all,
Happy New Year to you!
Here at HAFM HQ we’ve been busy reflecting on our conference, looking at some initial findings from the online survey, and drafting various documents, including a revision of our patient leaflet, and drafts of a practitioner leaflet, glossary of terms and stakeholder report.
Conference materials
All of the abstracts, many of the powerpoint slides and some of the videos from the conference can now be downloaded on our conference webpage. This includes the concert by the FORTE Ensemble.
We are interested to hear your reflections on the conference four months on, so if you have two minutes, please answer three short questions here.
Extension until August 2018
Numerous NHS Trusts across the country have expressed a desire to be involved in the HAFM research, and so we have secured an extension to the project (until the end of August) to be able to do this. We have just started working with 20 Trusts, including Aintree, Airedale, Birmingham, Durham and Darlington, Harrogate, Kingston, Manchester, Sheffield, South Tees, Southend, Sunderland, Tameside and Glossop, and Western Sussex to name a few! We are adding further sites this week. This is very exciting for us because it ensures that we can survey hearing aid users from all over the UK.
Working with the first N=1,000
We are currently analysing the first 1,000 responses to the online survey, and results summaries will be available in due course. Thanks to all who have taken the time to participate in this survey – your time is greatly appreciated.
If you know others who would be willing to complete the survey, do send on the link: http://tinyurl.com/musicandhearingaidssurvey
Your thoughts!
If you have any other reflections, or you would like to write a blogpost for our website, please do get in touch with us on musicandhearingaids@leeds.ac.uk
Best wishes from
Alinka, Harriet and Amy
University of Leeds, 23.01.18